What it is, how it works
Working capital is simply the money your business has available to cover its short-term, day-to-day running costs. In accounting terms it is your current assets (cash, stock, and unpaid customer invoices) minus your current liabilities (what you owe suppliers, staff, rent, and tax in the near term), a figure often called net working capital. It is one of the quickest reads on financial health: a working capital ratio (current assets divided by current liabilities) comfortably above 1 means you can meet what is due, while a number drifting below 1 is an early sign of a cash squeeze forming.
The reason most healthy, profitable businesses still feel tight is the working capital cycle, the gap between paying money out and getting it back in. You buy stock or materials, pay your team, deliver the work, then wait thirty, sixty, or ninety days for customers to settle. The longer that working capital period runs, the more of your cash sits tied up in the business rather than in the bank. Growth, seasonality, and slow-paying customers all stretch the cycle wider, which is exactly when even a busy company can run short.
Working capital funding exists to bridge that timing gap. It is not about buying a long-term asset or a building, it is short-term finance that smooths the everyday flow of cash so payroll, suppliers, and stock are covered while you wait to be paid. Used well, it keeps a profitable business from stalling simply because money is arriving a few weeks later than it is going out.